A net vs a sequence

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A net is defined as a map $Thetato mathbbX$ ($thetamapsto x_theta$) where $Theta$ is a directed set and $mathbbX$ is some topological space. If $Theta=mathbbN$ then this definition coincides with the usual definition of a sequence. What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence? In particular for sequences we have that two different indices say $kneq j$ map to the same element $xin mathbbX$ i.e. $x_k=x_j$. But the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements in $mathbbX$ i.e. we cannot have $x_k=y_k$ where $x$ and $y$ are different. Is this the criteria which differentiates sequences from nets in general? Or do I get all this wrong?







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  • The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
    – David C. Ullrich
    Aug 6 at 20:26










  • Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:33














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down vote

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A net is defined as a map $Thetato mathbbX$ ($thetamapsto x_theta$) where $Theta$ is a directed set and $mathbbX$ is some topological space. If $Theta=mathbbN$ then this definition coincides with the usual definition of a sequence. What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence? In particular for sequences we have that two different indices say $kneq j$ map to the same element $xin mathbbX$ i.e. $x_k=x_j$. But the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements in $mathbbX$ i.e. we cannot have $x_k=y_k$ where $x$ and $y$ are different. Is this the criteria which differentiates sequences from nets in general? Or do I get all this wrong?







share|cite|improve this question



















  • The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
    – David C. Ullrich
    Aug 6 at 20:26










  • Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:33












up vote
0
down vote

favorite
1









up vote
0
down vote

favorite
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A net is defined as a map $Thetato mathbbX$ ($thetamapsto x_theta$) where $Theta$ is a directed set and $mathbbX$ is some topological space. If $Theta=mathbbN$ then this definition coincides with the usual definition of a sequence. What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence? In particular for sequences we have that two different indices say $kneq j$ map to the same element $xin mathbbX$ i.e. $x_k=x_j$. But the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements in $mathbbX$ i.e. we cannot have $x_k=y_k$ where $x$ and $y$ are different. Is this the criteria which differentiates sequences from nets in general? Or do I get all this wrong?







share|cite|improve this question











A net is defined as a map $Thetato mathbbX$ ($thetamapsto x_theta$) where $Theta$ is a directed set and $mathbbX$ is some topological space. If $Theta=mathbbN$ then this definition coincides with the usual definition of a sequence. What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence? In particular for sequences we have that two different indices say $kneq j$ map to the same element $xin mathbbX$ i.e. $x_k=x_j$. But the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements in $mathbbX$ i.e. we cannot have $x_k=y_k$ where $x$ and $y$ are different. Is this the criteria which differentiates sequences from nets in general? Or do I get all this wrong?









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share|cite|improve this question




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asked Aug 6 at 19:47









Arian

5,235817




5,235817











  • The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
    – David C. Ullrich
    Aug 6 at 20:26










  • Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:33
















  • The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
    – David C. Ullrich
    Aug 6 at 20:26










  • Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:33















The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
– David C. Ullrich
Aug 6 at 20:26




The fact that it's a mapping, ie a function, says that the same index cannot be mapped to two different elements.
– David C. Ullrich
Aug 6 at 20:26












Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
– Arian
Aug 6 at 20:33




Thanks @DavidC.Ullrich for this clarification.
– Arian
Aug 6 at 20:33










3 Answers
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Question: What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence?



Answer: The identity map $id:[0,1] to [0,1]$ is a net that is not a sequence.



EDIT:



Definitions:



A net is a function from a directed set $J$ to a topological space $X.$



A sequence is a function from $mathbbN$ to a topological space $X.$



Consequently, any net where $J$ is not $mathbbN$ is not a sequence.






share|cite|improve this answer























  • Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:32










  • I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
    – Pawel
    Aug 6 at 20:38










  • Thanks @Pawel..
    – Arian
    Aug 6 at 20:39










  • @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
    – Pawel
    Aug 6 at 21:18


















up vote
4
down vote













An example that's important in proving that nets do the good things that they do: Say $X$ is a topological space and $pin X$. Let $Theta$ be the collection of all neighborhoods of $p$, ordered by reverse inclusion (so $Vge W$ if $Vsubset W$.



Recall that if $(x_alpha)$ is a net in $X$ we say that $x_alphato x$ if for every neighborhood $V$ of $x$ there exists $beta$ such that $x_alphain V$ for all $alphagebeta$. One of the reasons nets are useful is this:





Theorem Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f:Xto Y$. Then $f$ is continuous at $xin X$ if and only if $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$ for every net $(x_alpha)subset X$ with $x_alphato x$.





If $f$ is continuous at $x$ and $x_alphato x$ then it's trivial from the definitions that $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$. For the converse we need nets defined using that funny ordered set above.



Say $f$ is not continuous at $x$. So there exists $Usubset Y$ open with $f(x)in U$ such that $f^-1(U)$ does not contain a neighborhood of $x$. Say $Theta$ is the set of all neighborhoods of $x$, ordered by reverse inclusion. For every $VinTheta$ there exists $x_Vin V$ with $f(x_V)notin U$. So $(x_V)$ is a net in $X$, and it's easy to verify that $x_Vto x$ but $f(x_V)notto f(x)$.



(The reason $Theta$ was ordered by reverse inclusion was so we could show that $x_Vto x$: Say $W$ is a neighborhood of $x$. If $Vge W$ then $x_Vin Vsubset W$, hence $x_Vin W$ for every $Vge W$.)






share|cite|improve this answer






























    up vote
    2
    down vote













    You already have two examples, but here's another that comes up in calculus (but usually isn't mentioned there). Let $[a,b]$ be some interval of real numbers, and let $J$ be the set of all partitions of $[a,b]$ into finitely many subintervals. Then $J$ is directed set with respect to refinement, i.e., we say that one partition is $geq$ another if the former is a refinement of the latter. Given any bounded function $f:[a,b]tomathbb R$, we can associate to each partition $jin J$ the upper Darboux sum of $f$ with respect to this partition $j$. This function, from $J$ into $mathbb R$, is a net. If it converges, then its limit deserves to be called the upper Riemann integral of $f$ over $[a,b]$. (There's another net, with the same directed set, using lower Darboux sums; its limit would be the lower Riemann integral.)






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      3 Answers
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      3 Answers
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      up vote
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      accepted










      Question: What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence?



      Answer: The identity map $id:[0,1] to [0,1]$ is a net that is not a sequence.



      EDIT:



      Definitions:



      A net is a function from a directed set $J$ to a topological space $X.$



      A sequence is a function from $mathbbN$ to a topological space $X.$



      Consequently, any net where $J$ is not $mathbbN$ is not a sequence.






      share|cite|improve this answer























      • Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:32










      • I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 20:38










      • Thanks @Pawel..
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:39










      • @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 21:18















      up vote
      0
      down vote



      accepted










      Question: What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence?



      Answer: The identity map $id:[0,1] to [0,1]$ is a net that is not a sequence.



      EDIT:



      Definitions:



      A net is a function from a directed set $J$ to a topological space $X.$



      A sequence is a function from $mathbbN$ to a topological space $X.$



      Consequently, any net where $J$ is not $mathbbN$ is not a sequence.






      share|cite|improve this answer























      • Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:32










      • I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 20:38










      • Thanks @Pawel..
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:39










      • @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 21:18













      up vote
      0
      down vote



      accepted







      up vote
      0
      down vote



      accepted






      Question: What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence?



      Answer: The identity map $id:[0,1] to [0,1]$ is a net that is not a sequence.



      EDIT:



      Definitions:



      A net is a function from a directed set $J$ to a topological space $X.$



      A sequence is a function from $mathbbN$ to a topological space $X.$



      Consequently, any net where $J$ is not $mathbbN$ is not a sequence.






      share|cite|improve this answer















      Question: What would be an example of a net which is not a sequence?



      Answer: The identity map $id:[0,1] to [0,1]$ is a net that is not a sequence.



      EDIT:



      Definitions:



      A net is a function from a directed set $J$ to a topological space $X.$



      A sequence is a function from $mathbbN$ to a topological space $X.$



      Consequently, any net where $J$ is not $mathbbN$ is not a sequence.







      share|cite|improve this answer















      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer








      edited Aug 6 at 21:19


























      answered Aug 6 at 20:28









      Pawel

      2,924921




      2,924921











      • Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:32










      • I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 20:38










      • Thanks @Pawel..
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:39










      • @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 21:18

















      • Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:32










      • I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 20:38










      • Thanks @Pawel..
        – Arian
        Aug 6 at 20:39










      • @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
        – Pawel
        Aug 6 at 21:18
















      Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
      – Arian
      Aug 6 at 20:32




      Ok I see that here $(x_r)$ with $r$ from the interval $[0,1]$. Like $x_0.234$ for example. Did I get this right? If this is correct why wouldn't it be a sequence? Is it because there is no bijective map between $[0,1]$ and $mathbbN$?
      – Arian
      Aug 6 at 20:32












      I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
      – Pawel
      Aug 6 at 20:38




      I tried to edit my answer to make everything clearer.
      – Pawel
      Aug 6 at 20:38












      Thanks @Pawel..
      – Arian
      Aug 6 at 20:39




      Thanks @Pawel..
      – Arian
      Aug 6 at 20:39












      @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
      – Pawel
      Aug 6 at 21:18





      @DavidC.Ullrich You are correct. I will edit my answer. Thank you for pointing it out.
      – Pawel
      Aug 6 at 21:18











      up vote
      4
      down vote













      An example that's important in proving that nets do the good things that they do: Say $X$ is a topological space and $pin X$. Let $Theta$ be the collection of all neighborhoods of $p$, ordered by reverse inclusion (so $Vge W$ if $Vsubset W$.



      Recall that if $(x_alpha)$ is a net in $X$ we say that $x_alphato x$ if for every neighborhood $V$ of $x$ there exists $beta$ such that $x_alphain V$ for all $alphagebeta$. One of the reasons nets are useful is this:





      Theorem Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f:Xto Y$. Then $f$ is continuous at $xin X$ if and only if $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$ for every net $(x_alpha)subset X$ with $x_alphato x$.





      If $f$ is continuous at $x$ and $x_alphato x$ then it's trivial from the definitions that $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$. For the converse we need nets defined using that funny ordered set above.



      Say $f$ is not continuous at $x$. So there exists $Usubset Y$ open with $f(x)in U$ such that $f^-1(U)$ does not contain a neighborhood of $x$. Say $Theta$ is the set of all neighborhoods of $x$, ordered by reverse inclusion. For every $VinTheta$ there exists $x_Vin V$ with $f(x_V)notin U$. So $(x_V)$ is a net in $X$, and it's easy to verify that $x_Vto x$ but $f(x_V)notto f(x)$.



      (The reason $Theta$ was ordered by reverse inclusion was so we could show that $x_Vto x$: Say $W$ is a neighborhood of $x$. If $Vge W$ then $x_Vin Vsubset W$, hence $x_Vin W$ for every $Vge W$.)






      share|cite|improve this answer



























        up vote
        4
        down vote













        An example that's important in proving that nets do the good things that they do: Say $X$ is a topological space and $pin X$. Let $Theta$ be the collection of all neighborhoods of $p$, ordered by reverse inclusion (so $Vge W$ if $Vsubset W$.



        Recall that if $(x_alpha)$ is a net in $X$ we say that $x_alphato x$ if for every neighborhood $V$ of $x$ there exists $beta$ such that $x_alphain V$ for all $alphagebeta$. One of the reasons nets are useful is this:





        Theorem Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f:Xto Y$. Then $f$ is continuous at $xin X$ if and only if $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$ for every net $(x_alpha)subset X$ with $x_alphato x$.





        If $f$ is continuous at $x$ and $x_alphato x$ then it's trivial from the definitions that $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$. For the converse we need nets defined using that funny ordered set above.



        Say $f$ is not continuous at $x$. So there exists $Usubset Y$ open with $f(x)in U$ such that $f^-1(U)$ does not contain a neighborhood of $x$. Say $Theta$ is the set of all neighborhoods of $x$, ordered by reverse inclusion. For every $VinTheta$ there exists $x_Vin V$ with $f(x_V)notin U$. So $(x_V)$ is a net in $X$, and it's easy to verify that $x_Vto x$ but $f(x_V)notto f(x)$.



        (The reason $Theta$ was ordered by reverse inclusion was so we could show that $x_Vto x$: Say $W$ is a neighborhood of $x$. If $Vge W$ then $x_Vin Vsubset W$, hence $x_Vin W$ for every $Vge W$.)






        share|cite|improve this answer

























          up vote
          4
          down vote










          up vote
          4
          down vote









          An example that's important in proving that nets do the good things that they do: Say $X$ is a topological space and $pin X$. Let $Theta$ be the collection of all neighborhoods of $p$, ordered by reverse inclusion (so $Vge W$ if $Vsubset W$.



          Recall that if $(x_alpha)$ is a net in $X$ we say that $x_alphato x$ if for every neighborhood $V$ of $x$ there exists $beta$ such that $x_alphain V$ for all $alphagebeta$. One of the reasons nets are useful is this:





          Theorem Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f:Xto Y$. Then $f$ is continuous at $xin X$ if and only if $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$ for every net $(x_alpha)subset X$ with $x_alphato x$.





          If $f$ is continuous at $x$ and $x_alphato x$ then it's trivial from the definitions that $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$. For the converse we need nets defined using that funny ordered set above.



          Say $f$ is not continuous at $x$. So there exists $Usubset Y$ open with $f(x)in U$ such that $f^-1(U)$ does not contain a neighborhood of $x$. Say $Theta$ is the set of all neighborhoods of $x$, ordered by reverse inclusion. For every $VinTheta$ there exists $x_Vin V$ with $f(x_V)notin U$. So $(x_V)$ is a net in $X$, and it's easy to verify that $x_Vto x$ but $f(x_V)notto f(x)$.



          (The reason $Theta$ was ordered by reverse inclusion was so we could show that $x_Vto x$: Say $W$ is a neighborhood of $x$. If $Vge W$ then $x_Vin Vsubset W$, hence $x_Vin W$ for every $Vge W$.)






          share|cite|improve this answer















          An example that's important in proving that nets do the good things that they do: Say $X$ is a topological space and $pin X$. Let $Theta$ be the collection of all neighborhoods of $p$, ordered by reverse inclusion (so $Vge W$ if $Vsubset W$.



          Recall that if $(x_alpha)$ is a net in $X$ we say that $x_alphato x$ if for every neighborhood $V$ of $x$ there exists $beta$ such that $x_alphain V$ for all $alphagebeta$. One of the reasons nets are useful is this:





          Theorem Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f:Xto Y$. Then $f$ is continuous at $xin X$ if and only if $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$ for every net $(x_alpha)subset X$ with $x_alphato x$.





          If $f$ is continuous at $x$ and $x_alphato x$ then it's trivial from the definitions that $f(x_alpha)to f(x)$. For the converse we need nets defined using that funny ordered set above.



          Say $f$ is not continuous at $x$. So there exists $Usubset Y$ open with $f(x)in U$ such that $f^-1(U)$ does not contain a neighborhood of $x$. Say $Theta$ is the set of all neighborhoods of $x$, ordered by reverse inclusion. For every $VinTheta$ there exists $x_Vin V$ with $f(x_V)notin U$. So $(x_V)$ is a net in $X$, and it's easy to verify that $x_Vto x$ but $f(x_V)notto f(x)$.



          (The reason $Theta$ was ordered by reverse inclusion was so we could show that $x_Vto x$: Say $W$ is a neighborhood of $x$. If $Vge W$ then $x_Vin Vsubset W$, hence $x_Vin W$ for every $Vge W$.)







          share|cite|improve this answer















          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Aug 7 at 15:54


























          answered Aug 6 at 20:21









          David C. Ullrich

          54.4k33684




          54.4k33684




















              up vote
              2
              down vote













              You already have two examples, but here's another that comes up in calculus (but usually isn't mentioned there). Let $[a,b]$ be some interval of real numbers, and let $J$ be the set of all partitions of $[a,b]$ into finitely many subintervals. Then $J$ is directed set with respect to refinement, i.e., we say that one partition is $geq$ another if the former is a refinement of the latter. Given any bounded function $f:[a,b]tomathbb R$, we can associate to each partition $jin J$ the upper Darboux sum of $f$ with respect to this partition $j$. This function, from $J$ into $mathbb R$, is a net. If it converges, then its limit deserves to be called the upper Riemann integral of $f$ over $[a,b]$. (There's another net, with the same directed set, using lower Darboux sums; its limit would be the lower Riemann integral.)






              share|cite|improve this answer

























                up vote
                2
                down vote













                You already have two examples, but here's another that comes up in calculus (but usually isn't mentioned there). Let $[a,b]$ be some interval of real numbers, and let $J$ be the set of all partitions of $[a,b]$ into finitely many subintervals. Then $J$ is directed set with respect to refinement, i.e., we say that one partition is $geq$ another if the former is a refinement of the latter. Given any bounded function $f:[a,b]tomathbb R$, we can associate to each partition $jin J$ the upper Darboux sum of $f$ with respect to this partition $j$. This function, from $J$ into $mathbb R$, is a net. If it converges, then its limit deserves to be called the upper Riemann integral of $f$ over $[a,b]$. (There's another net, with the same directed set, using lower Darboux sums; its limit would be the lower Riemann integral.)






                share|cite|improve this answer























                  up vote
                  2
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  2
                  down vote









                  You already have two examples, but here's another that comes up in calculus (but usually isn't mentioned there). Let $[a,b]$ be some interval of real numbers, and let $J$ be the set of all partitions of $[a,b]$ into finitely many subintervals. Then $J$ is directed set with respect to refinement, i.e., we say that one partition is $geq$ another if the former is a refinement of the latter. Given any bounded function $f:[a,b]tomathbb R$, we can associate to each partition $jin J$ the upper Darboux sum of $f$ with respect to this partition $j$. This function, from $J$ into $mathbb R$, is a net. If it converges, then its limit deserves to be called the upper Riemann integral of $f$ over $[a,b]$. (There's another net, with the same directed set, using lower Darboux sums; its limit would be the lower Riemann integral.)






                  share|cite|improve this answer













                  You already have two examples, but here's another that comes up in calculus (but usually isn't mentioned there). Let $[a,b]$ be some interval of real numbers, and let $J$ be the set of all partitions of $[a,b]$ into finitely many subintervals. Then $J$ is directed set with respect to refinement, i.e., we say that one partition is $geq$ another if the former is a refinement of the latter. Given any bounded function $f:[a,b]tomathbb R$, we can associate to each partition $jin J$ the upper Darboux sum of $f$ with respect to this partition $j$. This function, from $J$ into $mathbb R$, is a net. If it converges, then its limit deserves to be called the upper Riemann integral of $f$ over $[a,b]$. (There's another net, with the same directed set, using lower Darboux sums; its limit would be the lower Riemann integral.)







                  share|cite|improve this answer













                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer











                  answered Aug 6 at 22:24









                  Andreas Blass

                  47.6k348104




                  47.6k348104






















                       

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