Proving that uniform convergence of a derivative series implies uniform convergence of the series
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In a past answer to a different thread the following theorem was used:
Theorem 1: If $sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$ converges at least at one point, and the series of derivatives $sum_n=1^inftyf_n^'(x)$ converges uniformly in some interval $I$, then in that interval the series can be differentiated term by term, meaning that the sum of the derivatives converges to the derivative of the sum.
After I asked the proof to the author of the answer it was pointed to me this link: Uniform convergence of derivatives, Tao 14.2.7. where the following theorem is found:
Theorem 2Let $I = [a,b]$ and $f_n : I to mathbbR$ a sequence of differentiable functions such that the sequence of derivatives $(f_n')_n$ converges uniformly to a function $g : I to mathbbR$. Also $exists x_0 in I$ such that the sequence $(f_n(x_0))_n$ converges. Then $(f_n)_n$ converges uniformly to a differentiable function $f : I to mathbbR$ with $f' = g$.
I understand that I could treat $F_k=sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$, since $dfracsum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)dx=sum_n=1^inftyfracdf_n(x)dx$. However I am looking for a proof for Theorem 1.
Question:
Could someone help me prove Theorem 1?
Thanks in advance!
real-analysis sequences-and-series
add a comment |Â
up vote
1
down vote
favorite
In a past answer to a different thread the following theorem was used:
Theorem 1: If $sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$ converges at least at one point, and the series of derivatives $sum_n=1^inftyf_n^'(x)$ converges uniformly in some interval $I$, then in that interval the series can be differentiated term by term, meaning that the sum of the derivatives converges to the derivative of the sum.
After I asked the proof to the author of the answer it was pointed to me this link: Uniform convergence of derivatives, Tao 14.2.7. where the following theorem is found:
Theorem 2Let $I = [a,b]$ and $f_n : I to mathbbR$ a sequence of differentiable functions such that the sequence of derivatives $(f_n')_n$ converges uniformly to a function $g : I to mathbbR$. Also $exists x_0 in I$ such that the sequence $(f_n(x_0))_n$ converges. Then $(f_n)_n$ converges uniformly to a differentiable function $f : I to mathbbR$ with $f' = g$.
I understand that I could treat $F_k=sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$, since $dfracsum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)dx=sum_n=1^inftyfracdf_n(x)dx$. However I am looking for a proof for Theorem 1.
Question:
Could someone help me prove Theorem 1?
Thanks in advance!
real-analysis sequences-and-series
Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54
add a comment |Â
up vote
1
down vote
favorite
up vote
1
down vote
favorite
In a past answer to a different thread the following theorem was used:
Theorem 1: If $sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$ converges at least at one point, and the series of derivatives $sum_n=1^inftyf_n^'(x)$ converges uniformly in some interval $I$, then in that interval the series can be differentiated term by term, meaning that the sum of the derivatives converges to the derivative of the sum.
After I asked the proof to the author of the answer it was pointed to me this link: Uniform convergence of derivatives, Tao 14.2.7. where the following theorem is found:
Theorem 2Let $I = [a,b]$ and $f_n : I to mathbbR$ a sequence of differentiable functions such that the sequence of derivatives $(f_n')_n$ converges uniformly to a function $g : I to mathbbR$. Also $exists x_0 in I$ such that the sequence $(f_n(x_0))_n$ converges. Then $(f_n)_n$ converges uniformly to a differentiable function $f : I to mathbbR$ with $f' = g$.
I understand that I could treat $F_k=sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$, since $dfracsum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)dx=sum_n=1^inftyfracdf_n(x)dx$. However I am looking for a proof for Theorem 1.
Question:
Could someone help me prove Theorem 1?
Thanks in advance!
real-analysis sequences-and-series
In a past answer to a different thread the following theorem was used:
Theorem 1: If $sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$ converges at least at one point, and the series of derivatives $sum_n=1^inftyf_n^'(x)$ converges uniformly in some interval $I$, then in that interval the series can be differentiated term by term, meaning that the sum of the derivatives converges to the derivative of the sum.
After I asked the proof to the author of the answer it was pointed to me this link: Uniform convergence of derivatives, Tao 14.2.7. where the following theorem is found:
Theorem 2Let $I = [a,b]$ and $f_n : I to mathbbR$ a sequence of differentiable functions such that the sequence of derivatives $(f_n')_n$ converges uniformly to a function $g : I to mathbbR$. Also $exists x_0 in I$ such that the sequence $(f_n(x_0))_n$ converges. Then $(f_n)_n$ converges uniformly to a differentiable function $f : I to mathbbR$ with $f' = g$.
I understand that I could treat $F_k=sum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)$, since $dfracsum_n=1^inftyf_n(x)dx=sum_n=1^inftyfracdf_n(x)dx$. However I am looking for a proof for Theorem 1.
Question:
Could someone help me prove Theorem 1?
Thanks in advance!
real-analysis sequences-and-series
edited Jul 24 at 12:03
asked Jul 23 at 21:29
Pedro Gomes
1,3122618
1,3122618
Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54
add a comment |Â
Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54
Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
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I shall assume that each $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable, in which case $g$ is Riemann integrable too. Note that, for each $xin[a,b]$,$$f_n(x)=f_n(x_0)+g_n(x)-f_n(x_0)=f_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xf_n'(t),mathrm dt.$$So, define$$f(x)=lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xg(t),mathrm dt$$and thenbeginalignbigl|f(x)-f_n(x)bigr|&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+left|int_x_0^xg(t)-f_n(t),mathrm dtright|\&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+int_x_0^xbigl|g(t)-f_n'(t)bigr|,mathrm dt.endalignSo, $(f_n)_ninmathbb N$ converges uniformly to $f$.
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
0
down vote
This is Theorem 7.17 of Rudin's Principles of mathematical analysis. The statement and proof occupy pages 152-153 of the text.
The result and its proof also appear as Theorem 13.8 of my honors calculus notes. Notice that just before discussing this result, I state and prove a similar result but with slightly stronger hypotheses: instead of differentiable I assume that the functions are continuously differentiable (and thus the derivative is Riemann integrable). The point is that this allows an easier argument using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus -- the same one that appears in the answer of José Carlos Santos.
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
1
down vote
accepted
I shall assume that each $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable, in which case $g$ is Riemann integrable too. Note that, for each $xin[a,b]$,$$f_n(x)=f_n(x_0)+g_n(x)-f_n(x_0)=f_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xf_n'(t),mathrm dt.$$So, define$$f(x)=lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xg(t),mathrm dt$$and thenbeginalignbigl|f(x)-f_n(x)bigr|&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+left|int_x_0^xg(t)-f_n(t),mathrm dtright|\&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+int_x_0^xbigl|g(t)-f_n'(t)bigr|,mathrm dt.endalignSo, $(f_n)_ninmathbb N$ converges uniformly to $f$.
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
1
down vote
accepted
I shall assume that each $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable, in which case $g$ is Riemann integrable too. Note that, for each $xin[a,b]$,$$f_n(x)=f_n(x_0)+g_n(x)-f_n(x_0)=f_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xf_n'(t),mathrm dt.$$So, define$$f(x)=lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xg(t),mathrm dt$$and thenbeginalignbigl|f(x)-f_n(x)bigr|&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+left|int_x_0^xg(t)-f_n(t),mathrm dtright|\&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+int_x_0^xbigl|g(t)-f_n'(t)bigr|,mathrm dt.endalignSo, $(f_n)_ninmathbb N$ converges uniformly to $f$.
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
1
down vote
accepted
up vote
1
down vote
accepted
I shall assume that each $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable, in which case $g$ is Riemann integrable too. Note that, for each $xin[a,b]$,$$f_n(x)=f_n(x_0)+g_n(x)-f_n(x_0)=f_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xf_n'(t),mathrm dt.$$So, define$$f(x)=lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xg(t),mathrm dt$$and thenbeginalignbigl|f(x)-f_n(x)bigr|&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+left|int_x_0^xg(t)-f_n(t),mathrm dtright|\&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+int_x_0^xbigl|g(t)-f_n'(t)bigr|,mathrm dt.endalignSo, $(f_n)_ninmathbb N$ converges uniformly to $f$.
I shall assume that each $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable, in which case $g$ is Riemann integrable too. Note that, for each $xin[a,b]$,$$f_n(x)=f_n(x_0)+g_n(x)-f_n(x_0)=f_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xf_n'(t),mathrm dt.$$So, define$$f(x)=lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)+int_x_0^xg(t),mathrm dt$$and thenbeginalignbigl|f(x)-f_n(x)bigr|&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+left|int_x_0^xg(t)-f_n(t),mathrm dtright|\&leqslantleft|f(x_0)-lim_ntoinftyf_n(x_0)right|+int_x_0^xbigl|g(t)-f_n'(t)bigr|,mathrm dt.endalignSo, $(f_n)_ninmathbb N$ converges uniformly to $f$.
edited Jul 23 at 22:19
answered Jul 23 at 21:52
José Carlos Santos
113k1698176
113k1698176
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
 |Â
show 1 more comment
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
1
1
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
There's no reason to think that $f_n'$ is Riemann integrable.
â zhw.
Jul 23 at 22:15
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
You're right. I've added that as an explicit assumption.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 23 at 22:19
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
Thanks for your answer! The proof regarded the theorem 2 that concerns sequences not series. How would it work with series?
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 12:02
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
@PedroGomes Series are a particular type of sequences. In that case, the statement would be: if $sum_n=1^infty$ converges at some $x_0in I$, if each $f_n$ is differentiable and $f_n'$ is Riemann-integrable, and if $sum_n=1^infty f_n'$ converges uniformly to $g$, then $sum_n=1^infty f_n$ converges pointwise to some function $f$. Furthermore, $f$ is differentiable and $f'=g$.
â José Carlos Santos
Jul 24 at 12:07
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
There is one thing that theorem 1 is confusing me. You say in theorem 2 that when the derivative of a sequence converges uniformly then the sequence itself converges uniformly. But on theorem 1(regarding the series) it is said that the derivative of each element of the series can only be taken if the series converge to a point in the interval considered and if the the derivative of the series converges uniformly. How can theorem 1 relate to theorem 2? Thanks in advance!
â Pedro Gomes
Jul 24 at 13:15
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
0
down vote
This is Theorem 7.17 of Rudin's Principles of mathematical analysis. The statement and proof occupy pages 152-153 of the text.
The result and its proof also appear as Theorem 13.8 of my honors calculus notes. Notice that just before discussing this result, I state and prove a similar result but with slightly stronger hypotheses: instead of differentiable I assume that the functions are continuously differentiable (and thus the derivative is Riemann integrable). The point is that this allows an easier argument using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus -- the same one that appears in the answer of José Carlos Santos.
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
This is Theorem 7.17 of Rudin's Principles of mathematical analysis. The statement and proof occupy pages 152-153 of the text.
The result and its proof also appear as Theorem 13.8 of my honors calculus notes. Notice that just before discussing this result, I state and prove a similar result but with slightly stronger hypotheses: instead of differentiable I assume that the functions are continuously differentiable (and thus the derivative is Riemann integrable). The point is that this allows an easier argument using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus -- the same one that appears in the answer of José Carlos Santos.
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
up vote
0
down vote
This is Theorem 7.17 of Rudin's Principles of mathematical analysis. The statement and proof occupy pages 152-153 of the text.
The result and its proof also appear as Theorem 13.8 of my honors calculus notes. Notice that just before discussing this result, I state and prove a similar result but with slightly stronger hypotheses: instead of differentiable I assume that the functions are continuously differentiable (and thus the derivative is Riemann integrable). The point is that this allows an easier argument using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus -- the same one that appears in the answer of José Carlos Santos.
This is Theorem 7.17 of Rudin's Principles of mathematical analysis. The statement and proof occupy pages 152-153 of the text.
The result and its proof also appear as Theorem 13.8 of my honors calculus notes. Notice that just before discussing this result, I state and prove a similar result but with slightly stronger hypotheses: instead of differentiable I assume that the functions are continuously differentiable (and thus the derivative is Riemann integrable). The point is that this allows an easier argument using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus -- the same one that appears in the answer of José Carlos Santos.
answered Jul 24 at 3:01
Pete L. Clark
78.6k9156306
78.6k9156306
add a comment |Â
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Which of the theorems you stated is Theorem 1?
â Larara
Jul 23 at 21:50
Are you interested in proving the theorem for sequences or series? If you want to prove it for series, You can just define $S_n(x)=sum_0^nf_n(x)$ and use the second theorem.
â Sar
Jul 23 at 21:54